Impact of the English Reformation and the Restoration on the English Colonies free essay sample

In England, conflicts among Catholics and Protestants, brought upon by the foundation of the Church of England in 1531 by King Henry VIII, put numerous in complete chaos. The Separatist, befittingly named, were a gathering of puritans searched out a departure from the organize debasement and customs rehearsed by the two religions. They accepted exclusively in the authority of the Bible, and saw unwarranted ceremonies and intends to arrive at salvation as degenerate. They likewise had faith in the public eye comprehensively, pledges among God and His kin, chain of command and imbalance, and above all the possibility of destiny. Destiny was the possibility that recommended that Salvation was at that point dictated by God, and there is nothing one can do to change that and the Puritans accepted that they were the chosen few of God’s youngsters that were picked for salvation. Puritan convictions were eccentric, not for the most part acknowledged and regarded illicit in certain pieces of England, which was inferable from the force held by the Church of England forced upon by the English Reformation. In this manner in quest for strict opportunity, the Puritan considered the To be World as imminent safe house to live and flourish in their lifestyle. The first of the Puritans to go to the New World were the Pilgrims, who were of lower white collar class to working class status and one of the most ardent of the Puritans that needed to set up an Utopia guided by Puritan standards and practices. With the assent of the Crown, the Pilgrims cruised on the Mayflower and arrived on Plymouth. A lot more Migrated in the decades followed, known as the Great Puritan Migration. The drive to the movement and colonization of the New England were fundamentally strict based from the aftermaths of the Reformation, not for onetary advantages in the viewpoint of both the Crown of England and the nonconformist themselves. In this manner, in contrast to Jamestown, the Puritans went there to remain and flourish. So as to do as such, most of them moved there in nuclear families with equivalent number of people. The Reformation cause the most strictly eager of the puritans to come to New World, therefore, a solid linkage among religion and society was pr ominent. The differentiation among chapel and state was pretty much nothing. Just male church individuals were permitted to cast casts a ballot in political settings. Religion assumed a job in each angle in the lives of the Puritans in the New England states. The pledges were a firm conviction among them wherein the activities of one individual mirrored the activities of the whole network. Along these lines, little protection was a traditional standard that they lived by and there was minimal strict opportunity in the New England settlements. Particular from the New England states, the foundation of the Middle settlements and the Carolinas were prevalently propelled, during the Restoration, to increase a monetary favorable position for the British Empire. Lord Charles’ II ascend to the seat offered path to the contract of the Middle settlements and Carolinas in which he added to his dedicated associates. He accepted it as an open door to restore the association with the English settlements and make Great Britain a genuine domain to be dealt with. He established the Navigation Laws that involved settlements can exchange just with English ships, a few things could be dispatched uniquely on English ships, all products needed to go through England to pay burdens before being transported to America, and to protect against attack. Route acts were a piece of the belief system of â€Å"mercantilism which is an assortment of strategies intended to keep Great Britain Prosperous through monetary guideline. † These strategies urged the provinces to act naturally adequate in both agribusiness and production, the craving of valuable metals, a greater number of fares than imports, ocean capacity to control remote markets, solid states to uphold approaches, and numerous other like it. . To the detriment of the English states, the work of mercantilist strategies allowed the British Empire to succeed in riches and influence. Despite the fact that religion wasn’t a significant motivation in the development of the Restoration provinces as it was in the New England states, it despite everything assumed a significant job in the kinds of individuals that relocated to there. Maryland, established by Lord Baltimore, filled in as an asylum for Catholics. In any case, Catholics in the long run lost control due the flood of different strict gatherings. Pennsylvania, in the other hand, filled in as an asylum for the Quakers, who searched out the New World to dodge further mistreatment for their convictions in England. Their convictions were incredibly eccentric with respect to the authoritative opinions of the time. For example, they trusted God addresses every last one through inward light including ladies, correspondence for all, challenge the possibility of chain of importance, were against bondage, were radical, and were extremely open minded and liberal disapproved. The usage of mercantilist arrangements because of the Restoration, advanced self-supported economy in the settlements. Thus, rice, cotton, and indigo collecting were a conspicuous fare in the Carolinas. This blasting agrarian economy required hard serious work and a gigantic workforce and the misuses of obligated hirelings and slaves was the arrangement. The work of slaves and contracted hirelings permitted the South to have flourishing economy and its own creating refined that varied from the North. Despite the fact that the financial powerhouse presented by the Mercantilist approaches that rose from the Restoration affected all the English states and strict opportunity was a main thrust for the greater part of the settler, British Empire embraced the development of the Middle Colonies and the Carolinas in light of an essential objective, increased monetary preferred position, though before during the arrangement of New England provinces, increasing a monetary advantage was a sorry concern. Short Answers (5 focuses every) 12. What were slave codes and what were they planned to do? A progression of laws passed mostly in the Southern provinces in the late seventeenth and mid eighteenth hundreds of years to protect the status of slaves and classify the forswearing of essential social equality to them. These codes give supreme capacity to slave proprietors over the African slaves. Slaves didn't reserve the privileges to frame a family for it would mess up proprietors when isolating them. â€Å"Slave codes made it illicit to show slave kids to peruse; Africans ere not permitted to convey arms or ammo; kids were plummeted from moms rather than fathers so as to keep offspring of slaves oppressed; free ladies who wedded slaves had to serve the slaves aces and their youngsters became slaves; workers brought into the nation who were not Christians were to be subjugated (this included Negroes, mulattoes, and Indians), yet inevitable submersion into the Christian confidence neglec ted to modify a slaves status. At long last, if a slave opposed his lord and the slave was murdered, the ace was exculpated for the wrongdoing of slaughtering his worker. † 13. What are a portion of the purposes behind the Salem witch preliminaries? How did the explanations behind the preliminaries exhibit the issues that undermined Puritan New England during the late seventeenth century? How was Hester Prynne, the principle character of The Scarlet Letter, a case of this danger? Numerous reasons added to the widespread panic of the Salem witch preliminaries. Youthful informers exhausted with book of scriptures study, a developing foreigner populace with mainstream thought processes, and fears of locals needing vengeance. Individuals from the network were losing their strict qualities and moved their inclinations to exchange and trade. Hester Prynne is a case of how a general public attempting to clutch their qualities, sets a case of a people to dissuade others from doing likewise â€Å"crimes. † 14. What were the Navigation Acts? How could they endeavor to attach the American states to England? The Navigation Acts were a piece of mercantilism which is a lot of imperialistic arrangements that took into consideration British Empire to monetarily thrive. The Navigation Acts reestablished the linkage between the English provinces and England by setting exchanging impediments on the states with the goal that the British Empire can round up the advantages to the detriment of the English settlements. These approaches expressed that â€Å"colonies could exchange only to English ships, a few things can be dispatched uniquely on English ships, All products needed to go through England to pay burdens before being delivered to America, and arrangements were set up in 1666 to protect against intrusion. † 15. What impact did the Quaker populace have on the advancement of Pennsylvania? Pennsylvania filled in as a shelter for the Quakers, who searched out the New World to maintain a strategic distance from further mistreatment for their convictions in England. Their convictions were incredibly offbeat with respect to the authoritative opinions of the time. For example, they trusted God addresses the whole gang through internal light including ladies, fairness for all, challenge the possibility of chain of command, were against servitude, were radical, and were lenient and liberal disapproved. They additionally accepted that it wasn't right to take land from the Indians without installment. For their convictions, Pennsylvania was a world renowned hub for strict resistance, balance among all including slaves and ladies, in addition to other things. 16. Who was Anne Hutchinson? How could she present a test to Puritan New England? Anne Hutchinson was a minister’s little girl conceived in England who followed her clergyman, John Colton, to Puritan New England. She began holding her own Bible examinations and supplication gatherings in her place, which was profoundly eccentric particularly for a ladies being that clergymen had the basic strict power. Her social occasions turned out to be incredibly well known among the two people around the province. They began to think of her as a prophet that spoke legitimately to God to spread the message among the network. Sooner or later, she began condemning the New England Preachers about their lessons of salvation among others. Sh

Business Plan for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia Assignment

Marketable strategy for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia - Assignment Example Dissimilar to other sugar substitutes, it is produced using normally happening substances and subsequently is to a great extent liberated from symptoms. Indonesia is an archipelago of 13,367 islands with an all out land territory of 1,907,950 square kilometers. The changes embraced by Indonesian government since the 1997 financial emergency have brought about exceptionally favorable condition for building up another business. The ease of work in Indonesia makes setting an Erythritol creation production line an entirely gainful venture. Additionally, with expanding shopper mindfulness in Indonesia, it will likewise be productive to market and sell this zero-calorie, no reaction sugar substitute in Indonesia. In spite of the fact that Indonesia isn't a simple spot to begin another business Indonesian government empowers remote interest in Indonesia. Thinking about the minimal effort of work, it is less expensive to arrangement a production line in Indonesia instead of bringing in Erythritol from outside. As indicated by www.doingbusiness.org, it takes a normal of 97 days and a base capital of IDR 20,000,000 (USD 2500) to acquire the necessary licenses to dispatch another business in Jakarta. Another 40,000,000 (USD 5000) is expected to acquire the necessary grants and enlistments for a stockroom. Consequently the principle expenses would be of building the manufacturing plant and purchasing/renting types of gear. Tragically, in Indonesia this expense could be restrictive. Another obstacle in setting up a production line in Indonesia is the long time it takes to get all the requir... Glucose can be acquired from various high starch crops. Since corn is promptly accessible yield in Indonesia and has high glucose content, it is the primary decision for crude material for creation of Erythritol. The yield is mostly developed on the island of Java. So it is ideal to find the industrial facility on the island, close to the crude material. While choosing the area of the processing plant, we need to think about the expense of land. In the urban zones and in significant urban areas, including Jakarta, there is constrained land region and subsequently the cost is amazingly high. Truth be told, numerous urban areas have illegal setting up of new production lines inside their metropolitan cutoff points. Henceforth it would be better and less expensive to find the processing plant in the provincial territory where there is ample of land and sufficient labor. Raising Capital Because of the immense advantages of Erythritol as a sugar substitute and the modest expense of work in Indonesia, setting up an industrial facility in Indonesia speaks to a generally safe business. Capital is required for purchasing land, building industrial facility, purchasing corn from ranchers, purchasing gear, work and advertising. There are a few choices for raising capital. Be that as it may, the best and the least expensive choice is a bank credit. With a generally safe procedure and a strong marketable strategy, getting a bank to fund the new business ought to be simple. The land and manufacturing plant can be utilized as guarantee in the bank advance. Organization Operations The organization will employ nearby populace for every single significant position, including the Chief Executive Officer. The neighborhood individuals comprehend the nearby traditions better and in this manner will be in a superior situation to deal with the everyday tasks. The low work cost in Indonesia additionally makes this suggestion an alluring one. The crude material, corn for this situation can be effectively acquired from

How to Tackle the Giant Books in Your TBR Pile

How to Tackle the Giant Books in Your TBR Pile Anna Karenina sat on my TBR shelf for six years. It called to me. Every year I vowed to read it. From time to time, I would go over and pick it up and attempt to start it. But pretty quickly I would get overwhelmed by the sheer bulk of 964 pages and the ever-changing Russian names. Back on the shelf it would go. This is a common scenario for many readers. Big books can be hard to start and even harder to finish. There are several reasons why even the most devoted readers find themselves avoiding those doorstop classics and mammoth works of nonfiction. Yes, it takes time and persistence to wade through a book of several hundred pages, but the journey can be so rewarding. Here are five of the most common hurdles when reading long books and some suggestions for how you can finally tackle those big books in your TBR pile. PROBLEM #1: It’s SO many pages. I’m totally intimidated. via GIPHY SOLUTION: Try the Serial Reader App. Serial Reader is an incredible app that makes free classics available on your phone. You choose a book and the app sends you a 10â€"12 minute installment to read every day. It shows you the percentage of the book you have completed to keep you encouraged, and even sends little congratulatory messages when you’ve reached your reading goals. This was the perfect answer to my Anna Karenina dilemma, allowing me to take in this daunting book in manageable chunks. PROBLEM #2: It’s a long, hard, complicated book. Help! via GIPHY SOLUTION: Try a buddy read. Discussing a book with fellow readers can be invaluable. You can ask questions when you come across a confusing plot point, share the excitement and/or exasperation of a surprising character development, or simply cheer each other on to the next chapter. Try asking a friend or family member if they want to read the book with you. Or you may find a Goodreads group that is right up your alley. A friend of mine joined a buddy read going through  Infinite Jest    on Litsy last summer. She swore that she could not have done it alone, and now it is one of her favorite books ever. PROBLEM #3: This book weighs 400 pounds. I can’t take it anywhere. via GIPHY SOLUTION: Try an ebook. Sometimes the main problem with a big book is just that it’s, well, too big. Like many avid readers, I take a book with me everywhere. I like to have something to read when I find myself stuck in a long line, waiting at a doctor’s office, or just on lunch break at work. It took me a few months to get through The Warmth of Other Suns, not because I wasn’t enjoying it, but because it was simply too unwieldy to fit in my purse or hold comfortably in my hands for long stretches. Now when I read a book over 500 pages, an ebook format is my first choice. PROBLEM #4: I am confused, baffled, and ready to give up. via GIPHY SOLUTION: Try an audiobook. Sometimes a book has unique issues that are compounded by enormous length: a particularly complicated plot, a colossal cast of characters, an unusual dialect, etc. Uncle Tom’s Cabin posed a few of these challenges for me, and I was struggling mightily to get going in print. So I requested the audiobook from my library, and listening made the whole book make more sense. The skilled narrator made the southern accent easier to understand, and the different voices helped me differentiate the characters. If you are new to audiobooks, here’s some great info to help you get started. PROBLEM #5: This long book will take Forever. I want to read other stuff. via GIPHY SOLUTION: Take breaks. Stopping in the middle of most long-form fiction would prove troublesome, but this method is great with the right book. Sizable collections of short stories or essays would be ideal for this approach. Other lengthy nonfiction works, like historical books for instance, are often broken up into parts. Read part one, take a break to devour the latest new mystery, and then get back to the big book again. Now that you are armed with strategies to succeed, be brave! Gather up your courage and go attack those ginormous books languishing on your dusty shelf. You’ll be glad you did. via GIPHY

Assignment 2 Essay - 1008 Words

Question 1 : Explain how utilitarianism might provide a defense for Roche and how a rights-based ethic might instead condemn Roche’s drug trials in China. Which of these two approaches is stronger or more reasonable? Explain the reasons for your answer. Answer 1: Utilitarianism is as a view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society. A utilitarian would argue that Roche was respecting the Chinese laws by first testing the drugs on Chinese patients. One could argue that prohibiting the research that Roche was performing could inhibit future Chinese patients from receiving a drug that could be necessary to sustain life. Roche’s Cell Cept had a beneficial†¦show more content†¦Lives are on the line in both situations. Views differ from person to person and different arguments can be made for both utilitarianism and rights-based. When it comes to the right-based ethic, Roche was in violation of the prisoner’s basic human rights. The company knew that up to ninety percent of organs came from executed prisoners. The company should have looked into why the prisoner was executed because some of the them were there because of their reli gious belief and the different opinions between them and the governments. One view is that of the rights based ethic. A utilitarian measures utility of the benefits produced by an action. Ethics could prove that many prisoners being held were not criminals. They could also prove that many organs were being harvested only for money. The ethic has a strong and more reasonable case in this situation. Even though most people in China would have benefited by keeping the drug, the process of testing the drug was polluted by the violation of basic human rights that even the people using the drug would have hated. However, on the other hand, utilitarianism provides a defense for Roche because the company was looking to benefit the country of China as a whole given that they were in favor of the medicine that prevented patients from ( post-transplant organ rejection ). This view would have been a strong decision for society even though if you would only threat theShow MoreRelatedAssignme nt 21262 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿INSTRUCTIONS: Step 0: Do Assignment 1 Assignment 02: WHITEY BASSON S MILLIONS Time for you to think a little again. In the crossroads assignment one of the multiple choice questions was: â€Å"In 2010, Whitey Basson the CEO of Shoprite earned ZAR 620,000,000.00.† My personal opinion on this statement is most closely described by: A. Who cares? B. Good for him – he worked hard to earn this C. The only problem I have with this is that this money is in Basson’s bank account and not in mine D. I thinkRead MoreAssignment 21196 Words   |  5 PagesDistance Vector Routing Protocols Question Answer 1 What does RIP stand for? Routing Information Protocol 2 What metric does RIP use for Path Selection? Hop count 3 If the metric used by RIP exceeds this value for a route it is considered unreachable, effectively making this value appear to be infinity to RIP? 15 4 How often does RIP send updates by default (update timer)? 30 seconds 5 What are the main differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2? RIPv2 has next hop addressed included in theRead MoreAssignment 21392 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2 HSA 515 Marlo Alcala July 19, 2011 Professor Forbes Assignment Two Scenario: You are the Chief Executive Officer at a small non-profit community hospital. In January the area was hit by a large snow storm while you were vacationing in the Bahamas. Many of the hospital staff who provided patient care called out from work on the 3-11 and 11-7 shifts. Despite efforts from the nurse managers to get relief staff, only one nurse agreed to come in. As a result, the patient unitsRead MoreAssignment 22100 Words   |  9 Pages, and uploaded to Canvas under the â€Å"Assignment 2: personal diet analysis† assignment. In addition to this worksheet, you are to upload the following to Canvas as part of your assignment: the exact same Food Groups amp; Calories Report that you turned in for Assignment 1, uploaded as a pdf; the exact same Nutrients Report† that you turned in for Assignment 1, uploaded as a pdf; the exact same Physical Activity Report(s) that you turned in for Assignment 1, uploaded as a pdf. For this firstRead More200336 Business Academic Skills 2011.1 Essay Instructions (50%)900 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction that: a. Includes a few general statements about the topic to clarify your interpretation of the question; b. Includes a thesis statement that presents your position on the topic; and c. Outlines the main points that support your position. 2. A body that: a. Includes a series of logically developed arguments that support your position and b. Ensures that each argument and/or sub-argument is supported by evidence and is elaborated upon. 3. A conclusion that: a. Summarises the main pointsRead MoreEquals Sign and Expo Class Method Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿PreAPCS Exposure Java Exercises 05.01- 04 Date:1/15/14 Name: Anam Nawab Period: 4th 1. What Expo class method would you use to enter someone’s name? System.out.print(Enter name === ); 2. Why is a prompt necessary for program input? Without a prompt, the user would just see the cursor flashing on the screen and have no idea what to enter. Chances are the user would not even know he/she is supposed to enter something. With the prompt, the user knows not only that he/she isRead MoreTypes Of Conbols And Definition1151 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant role.. #include /* function declaration */ int func(int); static int count = 5; /* global variable */ int main() { while(count++) { func(); } printf(count is %d,count); return 0; } Result produced is... count is 1 count is 2 count is 3 count is 4 count is 5 ïÆ' ¼ The extern class of storage Suppose we want to give a reference of a global variable that is visible to All the program files., for this we use Extern storage class. For Example... #include int count ; externRead MoreAssignment 2578 Words   |  3 Pagesbefore getting to know them and what they could bring to the table which in managing obviously is a bad thing I learned through life experience to cope with diversity because you will need those skills in order to manage a facility effectively. 2.) The one or two areas of understanding or managing diversity in which I need more improvement are: The area of understanding or managing diversity that I need improvement in Minimizing miscommunication with diverse others because I am a person who thinksRead MoreWeek 5 Assignments New754 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿PT1420 - Unit 5 Homework and Lab Assignment Unit 5 Assignment 1: Homework 1.) Design an if-then statement that assigns 20 to the variable y and assigns 40 to the variable z if the variable x is greater than 100. (Simple if statement) If x 100 then Y=20 Z=40 End if 2.) Design an if-then statement that assigns 0 to the variable b and assigns 1 to the variable c if variable a is less than 10. (Simple if statement) 3.) Design an if-then-else statement that assigns 0 to variableRead MoreFreemark Abbey Winery Case1013 Words   |  5 PagesBaur Bektemirov BUSF 36106: Assignment 5 Freemark Abbey Winery Assume that under no unusual circumstances (no storm), Jaeger sells 1,000 cases of Riesling. Consider diï ¬â‚¬erent cases: 1. Jaeger harvests grapes in anticipations of storm. Then the total revenue will be equal to 12Ãâ€"1000Ãâ€"$2.85 = $34200. 2. Jaeger doesn’t harvest and there is no storm with 50% chance. 2.1. With 40% chance, sugar concentration is 25%, then the total revenue is 12 Ãâ€" 1000 Ãâ€" $3.50 = $42000 2.2. With 40% chance, sugar

Existentialism Existence Before Essence - 795 Words

Existence Before Essence: Existence before essence is the existential notion of a character creating meaning for oneself. It is a part of existentialism because it centers around ones value of existence. When Andy talks to Hadley atop the roof, he negotiates a deal with him to settle his issues concerning a large sum of money. Andy also refers to his prison-mates as â€Å"coworkers†, showing that he feels they are his business companions. This demolishes the notion of them as a lower class prisoner and elevates them to an equal plane of citizenship. Red amiably described, â€Å"for those twenty minutes we felt like free men† (King 47). The beers that Andy earned for his coworkers brought meaning into their hearts, and they felt free. Andy also felt accomplished because he successfully brought his sense of purpose into Shawshank by helping out others. He finds his meaning by improving other peoples lives. A modern world example is how a firefighter will rush into a burni ng building to save other people. They are finding meaning by saving others lives. Alienation: Alienation refers to the prospect of isolation in existentialism. It is a part of existentialism because for one to have an existential mindset, they must differ from the rest of the common thoughts and formulate them on their own. This results in an unavoidable isolation from everybody else. Before Andy asked Red for a rock-hammer, Red knew, â€Å"Andy had no cell-mate, and †¦ that was just the way he wanted it† (King 27).Show MoreRelatedExistentialism And Human Emotions By Jean Paul Sartre1513 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Paul Sartre s novel Existentialism and Human Emotions discusses his philosophy that man is responsible for what he is and what he does; that man chooses his values and makes himself. At the beginning of the book, Sartre defends existentialism against several charges that had been laid against it. Throughout the book, Sartre refers to the basis of existentialism using the phrase ‘existence precedes essence . With this, phrase lies the basis for t he argument that Existentialism is a Humanism. InRead MoreRejection of Existentialism Essays837 Words   |  4 PagesIn his defense of existentialism, Sartre first defines the unifying factor of existentialism, (for both atheist and deist alike), as the belief that existence precedes essence. To help illustrate his point he presents the example of a paper knife, an object that possess a set of qualities that enable it to carry out its purpose. He states that it would not have been created without a particular purpose, therefore its essence precedes its existence. (Sartre) Sartre rejects this idea when it comesRead MoreJean-Paul Sartre’s Philosophy: Radical Freedom and Responsibility 1253 Words   |  6 PagesSartre’s philosophy. However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. In this paper I will argue that man creates their own essence through their choices and that our values and choices are important because they allow man to be free and create their own existence. I will first do this by explaining Jean-Paul Sartre’s quote, then by thoroughly stating Sartre’s theory, and then by opposing objections raised against Sartre’s theory. When SartreRead MoreSartre s Idea Of The Self983 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginnings of ancient civilizations up into today’s society. The self or essence of humanity has been viewed in many different lights ranging from immaterial and immortal, to the idea of our existence creating our essence to the idea of a cyborg race. Most of these ideas of the self focus primarily on the idea of a soul/essence determining the outcome of an individual, usually through some higher being or God. Sartre’s idea of Existentialism introduces a new way of thinking in terms of how we become a selfRead MoreExistentialism Is A Humanism?1568 Words   |  7 PagesExistentialism is a humanism Oxford English Dictionary defines â€Å"humanism† as â€Å"any system of thought or ideology which places humanity as a whole, at its center,  especially one which stresses the inherent value and potential of human life.† In Sartre’s lecture, â€Å"Existentialism is a humanism,† not only Sartre’s elaboration of humanism is coherent with the notion of â€Å"humanism,† but also his demonstration of â€Å"existentialism† as one kind of humanisms is cogent. In contrast with those Aristotelians andRead More Existentialism Essay example1368 Words   |  6 PagesIn his 1946 essay Existentialism, Jean-Paul Sartre undertakes the task of defending existentialism against what he defines as â€Å"charges† (341) brought against it. Sartre begins to outline the â€Å"charges† brought against existentialism and further, existentialists. Following the medieval quaestio-form, Sartre begins with the statement of the objection, a short discussion, and then his reply to each. The first of the charges is that of quietism. â€Å"First, it has been charged with inviting people to remainRead MoreExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism1186 Words   |  5 PagesSubjectivity in Existentialism is a Humanism In Existentialism is a humanism, French philosopher and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre defends existentialism from 20th century critics who believed that its overly subjective nature promotes anguish, abandonment, and despair. Sartre explains these common misconceptions about existentialism and argues that it is not a pessimist point of view, but the complete opposite. In what follows, I will explain how Sartre not only invalidates the surging misconceptionsRead MoreExistentialism : A Philosophical Movement907 Words   |  4 Pagesworld that the cannot accept† - Robert Solomon Existentialism is best considered a philosophical movement established after World War II. People in this movement examined the problem of life for human beings. Each existentialist believes that life is absurd and has no meaning. Their common concern was with the â€Å"human condition†. Existentialists have differing evaluations of the human condition but all of them believe that â€Å"existence precedes essence†. This means that people are born without pre-existingRead MoreEssay Existentialism1050 Words   |  5 PagesExistentialism Existentialism refers to the philosophical movement or tendency of the nineteenth and twentyth centuries. Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, a precise definition is impossible; however, it suggests one major theme: a stress on individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice {3}. Existentialism also refers to a family of philosophies devoted to an interpretation of human existence in the world thatRead MoreExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words   |  6 PagesPalahniuk that is a good summary of existentialism and the beliefs of the movement. Existentialism was a turning point for society and literature that advocated the expansion of the minds of authors and their readers so we could improve our thinking to be more enlightened and free. The movement sparked much alternative thinking to allow our society to grow into what it is today and without it people would most likely be more close minded and less free. Existentialism was a very influential movement with

Explain “Transfer Pricing” as presented in Stealing Africa Free Essays

Explain â€Å"Transfer Pricing† as presented in Stealing Africa. Transportation Pricing: When there is any kind of trade or merchandising or buying that occurs between two companies that are lawfully related someway so the monetary value of the goods or the merchandises that are traded between those two companies is what we call reassign pricing. Transfer pricing is fundamentally the money saved by the company by hedging revenue enhancement through selling the goods or purchasing the goods from its ain subordinate and so showing it as an disbursal in its balance sheets. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain â€Å"Transfer Pricing† as presented in Stealing Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now GLENCORE owns the excavation Millss in Zambia and the coal that is obtained from the state is one of the biggest export points of the state and a batch of their fiscal public assistance depend upon this natural resource. What GLENCORE does is that it extracts coal from Zambia through MOPANI mines that it owns in the state and so buys the coal at a monetary value that they set for themselves. This manner they evade paying a higher revenue enhancement rate by demoing a lower income or net income that is generated by the company runing in Zambia. Legally it is of import for companies to bear down a monetary value for a merchandise that they decide to sell and purchase from its subordinate or to its subordinate at a monetary value that would hold been chosen if the company was covering or trading with a company that was non a portion of its entity that is what we normally call an arm’s length trader. Unless and until GLENCORE buys the coal that it extracts from Zambia at a monetary value that it would hold to pay in instance it was purchasing from an independent party. Since the company is non making this, the state and the people of Zambia are enduring through immense losingss in national income as companies like GLENCORE usage transportation pricing to hedge the revenue enhancements that they should really be paying. Taking advantage of the inefficient legal system present in Zambia, the company is carry oning concern in a non-ethical mode. Harmonizing to Stealing Africa and Amos Wilson, Whites are dominant globally because they are still populating on the accrued advantages gained from white privilege historically and in the present. Explain including illustrations. White privilege fundamentally means that a individual gets treated otherwise merely because of his race. When a white individual is given penchant over other people belonging to different races, he is fundamentally sing white privilege. Even though things have been a small better for people from different races late but its still non anything near perfect. Black people are discriminated badly all around the universe but particularly in the western states. The jurisprudence, the province and other establishments are ever biased towards the westerner and the fact that it has been a superior race in the past and is still ruling the universe scenario, it is hard to raise a voice against it and make something to wholly do it halt. In the docudrama, they talked about Marc Rich who had been involved in the biggest fiscal fraud and revenue enhancement fraud in the history of the United States of America but he was still pardoned because of his presence non merely socially every bit good as economically. He had the best of the best attorneies supporting him and constructing up a instance to turn out him guiltless even though there was adequate grounds to convict him and direct him to gaol. GLENCORE’s operations in Zambia are earnestly damaging the country’s environment and public wellness conditions and besides rip offing the country’s fiscal establishments by non paying the right sum of revenue enhancements utilizing transportation pricing to take down their cost and take advantage of Zambia’s uneffective legal system utilizing their expert attorneies and comptrollers that gathers informations and physiques instances and present studies that can non be countered by the Zambians. Africa is a affluent continent yet many Africans live in poorness. Explain. Africa is so a rich continent but the continent is non rich in footings of fiscal criterions and economic growing. The continent is highly affluent when it comes to holding natural resources that are an of import trade good out in the universe and that have attracted legion Multinationals in to the continent. Now even though many would state that the foreign direct investing inflow would assist the states in the continent flourish and recognize their true potency but that is non what is go oning. Majority of the African states are really a portion of the list that includes the poorest states and the little economic sizes. The major ground for this is that the legal system in these states is really inefficient as of now. There is high corruptness and really small focal point on the some of the really major issues such as wellness and instruction. The political system in these states is besides really weak which makes the provinces really vulnerable to foreign influence and puts them at a hazard of being exploited which is what is go oning. The multinationals that are runing in the states in Africa are taking advantage of the all the loopholes on the system and operating in an unethical manner which consequences in highly high net incomes for them but the states itself and the people populating there are severely affected. The negative effects on the people are non merely restricted to pollution and corruptness, there is small money available to better the substructure and no focal point on instruction as they lack even more major basic necessities like nutrient and wellness attention. The rate of unemployment is besides really high and the immense companies prefer paying below the globally recognized pay rates taking advantage of the fact that the people in these states are highly despairing for a occupation. Harmonizing to Amos Wilson ( Blueprint for Black power ) , the wealth of people is non in their things but in their heads. Explain. If the wealth you had depended upon the things that you had so Africa wouldn’t have been fighting with issues such as poorness and unemployment. Taking the illustration of Zambia as it was discussed rather briefly in the docudrama, the state is fighting with serious issues and even though it has copiousness of natural resources like coal, it still fails to better its conditions and is a direct to foreign development. The states that have leverage on other states are the 1s that can acquire what they want even if its illegal and so protect themselves from the effects. They do that by assailing at the loopholes in the system of these hapless or developing states and utilize their influence to acquire their manner. Even though Zambia has immense sums of coal with it but merely holding the resource with them is non making them any good and the state is enduring at the custodies of the multinationals that aren’t paying adequate revenue enhancement and destructing their environment and people’s wellness without any guilt. If these states had people that could be after a manner to utilize their strength in a manner that could assist them protect themselves against these multinationals and foreign influence so the province of the Zambia would hold been better than what it is now. The state lacks heads that could assist them counter the foreign menaces and influence and do people do concern on their footings since they are utilizing their resources, their land and their people. Merely because Zambia lacks a proper system and proper planning and heads that can happen a manner to leverage their place, they will maintain on enduring from legion issues even when it is highly affluent when it comes to natural resources like coal. How to cite Explain â€Å"Transfer Pricing† as presented in Stealing Africa, Essay examples

Introduction to Abortion free essay sample

Introduction As Abortion being my chosen case study to investigate, I plan to present the science and in addition, the ethical views that concern the colossal issue and controversy to do with aborting disabled babies in the womb, furthermore the statistics associated with abortion will be thoroughly looked at and explored in grave detail in order for me to acquire the most reliable scientific facts which will benefit the conclusion of this case study. Arguments for and against abortion will be examined in order to draw a suitable and appropriate conclusion to sum up these ethical theories and information.There are two views about abortion; whether it is legitimate to abort a baby acquiring a disability or whether it is erroneous, inconceivable and ought to be branded as manslaughter. Abortion and disability was an area of research highlighted for such a case study due to its recent accentuating speculations found within the media and on the news as well as the portrayal it acquires w hich questions scientists and the morals of doctors and ethical veterans asking; â€Å"Is it really ethical to abort disabled embryos in the womb? What is abortion?

Free Essays on King Philip

American History King Philip’s War: An Exercise In Failure In 1675, the Algonquian Indians rose up in fury against the Puritan Colonists, sparking a violent conflict that engulfed all of Southern New England. From this conflict ensued the most merciless and blood stricken war in American history, tearing flesh from the Puritan doctrine, revealing deep down the bright and incisive fact that anger and violence brings man to a Godless level when faced with the threat of pain and total destruction. In the summer of 1676, as the violence dispersed and a clearing between the hatred and torment was visible, thousands were dead.(Lepore xxi) Indian and English men, women, and children, along with many of the young villages of New England were no more; casualties of a conflict that was both devastating to the lives and the landscape of New England, as well as the ideologies of both the Indians and the English Puritans that inhabited this land.(Lepore 18) King Philip’s war was not the basic Indian war that plagues American history. It was not the first archetypal Settler vs. Savage conflict, and nor would it be the last. King Philip’s war was a terribly violent and destructive conflict, which was sparked by the desires of maintaining cultural identity and preserving power and authority, both in societal and religious capacities upon what one believed to be his land. (Leach 21) Saying that this conflict left all of 17th century New England in a state of confusion is far more than an understatement. With nothing won, and terrific loss, the early Americans, both English and Indian, were unsure of their own, as well as each other’s identity. This crisis, whether they are aware of it or not, has impacted Americans and their ideologies of themselves for hundreds of years. (Lepore 18) The Puritans came to this New World roughly forty to fifty years before this conflict began, but the guarantee of this conflict arrived in the same boa... Free Essays on King Philip Free Essays on King Philip American History King Philip’s War: An Exercise In Failure In 1675, the Algonquian Indians rose up in fury against the Puritan Colonists, sparking a violent conflict that engulfed all of Southern New England. From this conflict ensued the most merciless and blood stricken war in American history, tearing flesh from the Puritan doctrine, revealing deep down the bright and incisive fact that anger and violence brings man to a Godless level when faced with the threat of pain and total destruction. In the summer of 1676, as the violence dispersed and a clearing between the hatred and torment was visible, thousands were dead.(Lepore xxi) Indian and English men, women, and children, along with many of the young villages of New England were no more; casualties of a conflict that was both devastating to the lives and the landscape of New England, as well as the ideologies of both the Indians and the English Puritans that inhabited this land.(Lepore 18) King Philip’s war was not the basic Indian war that plagues American history. It was not the first archetypal Settler vs. Savage conflict, and nor would it be the last. King Philip’s war was a terribly violent and destructive conflict, which was sparked by the desires of maintaining cultural identity and preserving power and authority, both in societal and religious capacities upon what one believed to be his land. (Leach 21) Saying that this conflict left all of 17th century New England in a state of confusion is far more than an understatement. With nothing won, and terrific loss, the early Americans, both English and Indian, were unsure of their own, as well as each other’s identity. This crisis, whether they are aware of it or not, has impacted Americans and their ideologies of themselves for hundreds of years. (Lepore 18) The Puritans came to this New World roughly forty to fifty years before this conflict began, but the guarantee of this conflict arrived in the same boa...

Housekeeping and Record Keeping Tasks for Teachers

Housekeeping and Record Keeping Tasks for Teachers The job of teaching can be divided into six teaching tasks. One of these tasks is dealing with housekeeping and recordkeeping. Each day, teachers must take care of the business of teaching before they begin their daily lesson plan. While required daily tasks might seem monotonous and at times unnecessary, they can be made manageable through the use of effective systems. The main housekeeping and recordkeeping tasks can be divided into the following categories: AttendanceCollecting Student WorkResource and Material ManagementGradesAdditional Teacher Specific Recordkeeping Tasks Attendance Tasks There are two main housekeeping chores related to attendance: taking daily attendance and dealing with students who are tardy. It is very important that you keep accurate attendance records because the situation might arise that the administration needs to use these to determine who was or was not in your class on a particular day. Following are some key tips to remember when taking attendance: Use attendance at the beginning of the year to learn students names.If you have students complete warm-ups at the beginning of each class period, this will give you the time to take attendance quickly and quietly without disrupting learning.Assigned seats can speed up attendance because you can quickly glance at the class to see if there are any empty seats. Tips for Taking Attendance Dealing With Tardies Tardies can cause a lot of disruption for teachers. It is important that you have a system ready and waiting for when a student is tardy to your class. Some effective methods that teachers use to deal with tardies include: Tardy CardsOn Time QuizzesDetention Learn more about these and other methods for dealing with tardy students with this article on Creating a Tardy Policy Assigning, Collecting, and Returning Student Work Student work can quickly balloon into a housekeeping disaster if you do not have an easy and systematic way to assign, collect, and return it. Assigning student work is much simpler if you use the same method every day. Methods might include a daily assignment sheet either posted or distributed to students or a reserved area of the board where you post each days assignment. Some teachers make collecting work completed in class a real time waster without realizing it. Dont walk around the room collecting work unless this serves a greater purpose such as during an exam or to stop a cheating situation. Instead, train the students to do the same thing each time they complete their work. For example, you might have them turn their paper over and when everyone is done pass their work to the front. Collecting homework should be done at the beginning of class to stop students from finishing their work after the bell rings. You might stand at the door and collect their work as they enter the class or have a specific homework box where they are to turn in their work by a certain time. Collecting Homework Tips and Ideas Late and Make Up Work One of the biggest thorns for many new and experienced teachers is dealing with late and make up work. As a general rule, teachers should accept late work according to a posted policy. Built into the policy is a system for penalizing late work to be fair to those who turn their work in on time. The problems arise around how to keep track of late work and ensure that grades are correctly adjusted. Each teacher has their own philosophy about late work though your school might have a standard policy. However, whatever system you use has to be easy for you to follow. Make up work is a different situation entirely. You have the challenge of creating authentic and interesting work on a daily basis which might not translate easily into make up work. Often quality work requires a great deal of teacher interaction. You might find that to make the work doable for the student, you have to create alternative assignments or provide detailed written instructions. Further, these students typically have extra time to turn in their work which can be hard in terms of managing your grading. How to Deal With Late and Make Up Work Resource and Material Management As a teacher, you may have books, computers, workbooks, manipulatives, lab materials, and more to manage. Books and materials have a tendency to walk away quite often. It is wise to create areas in your room where materials go and systems to make it easy for you to check whether all materials are accounted for each day. Further, if you assign books, you will probably want to do periodic book checks to make sure that students still have their books. This will save time and additional paperwork at the end of the school year. Reporting Grades One of the key recordkeeping tasks that teachers have is to accurately report grades. Typically, teachers have to report grades to their administration a couple of times a year: at progress report time, for student transfers, and for semester and final grades. A key to making this job manageable is to keep up with your grading as the year goes on. It can be tough sometimes to grade time-consuming assignments. Therefore, it is a good idea to use rubrics and if possible to space out assignments that require a lot of grading time. One problem with waiting until the end of a grading period to finish grading is that students might be surprised by their grade - they have not seen any previously graded work. Each school will have a different system for reporting grades. Make sure to double check each students grade before finally submitting them because mistakes are much easier to fix before they are finally submitted. Creating and Using RubricsTips to Cut Writing Assignment Grading Time Additional Recordkeeping Tasks From time to time, additional recordkeeping tasks might arise for you. For example, if you are taking your students on a field trip, then you will need to efficiently collect permission slips and money along with organizing buses and substitutes. When these situations arise, it is best to think through each of the steps and come up with a system for dealing with the paperwork. Tips for Field Trips

Research Articles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Articles - Assignment Example The variable being measured is the perceived loving attitude of mothers between children of working and non-working mothers. The research question in this t-test analysis was that; is there a significant difference between the mean of the working mothers and the mean of non-working mothers in the perceived loving mother attitude? One way analysis of variance showed that, based on perceived punishing father, there was a significant interaction between mother’s work status and gender [perceived punishing father: ()]. In this case the test is trying to determine, based on perceived punishing father attitude, whether there are significant difference among the means of the four different groups i.e. male children from working mothers, female children from working mothers, male children from non-working mothers and female children from non-working mothers. In the article, Chi-square test indicated that the mother’s education was effective in mother’s working status (). In this example, chi-square was used to test whether there was a significant statistical association between the working status of the mother and her education level. A correlation test was done between perceived loving mother attitude and perceived loving father attitude. The correlation reports was that there was a positive and highly significant relationship between the two variables (r= 0.472, p=.001). The research question; is perceived loving mother attitude and perceived loving father attitude correlated This value gives a p-value of .000. This p-value is lower than the critical p-value hence the null hypothesis which says that the two variables are independent is rejected. This shows that the test was significant. 6. According to the selected test, the working status of the mother () was insignificant in terms of the score for perceived loving mother attitude. In the perceived punishing father attitude, the mother’s

Social Theory and Culture Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Theory and Culture Identity - Essay Example For example, the legacies of slavery, colonialism and imperialism took birth as the consequence of governing bodies or regimes, impacted the communities bringing about new social constructs and structures under which the society's psychological spaces or maps evolved, contributing to changes in Social Theories and redefining of Cultural Identities. (Adapted from Powell & Moody, 2003) This dissertation shall briefly analyze, the evolution of the concepts of identity and community and their significance in contemporary social thought, through the constructs of social theorists like Zygmut Bauman, Heelas, Alasdair MacIntyre, Chales Taylor, and Selingman etc. The community, according to communitarian discourse of Bauman (2001), has its foundation only on that of a shared agreement between its members or followers. The communitarian discourse is constructed upon two theories that, 1) people are individuals who should resolve their own problems and 2) that community should be built upon fraternal sharing; community has then an ethical foundation. These two are combined and collaborated, leading to almost confusing notions of community, as when he states, "When subjected to such evaluation we see community for what it is numb or dead" (Bauman 2001 p11). He further elucidates the relationship between cultures and identity - according to him, in the postmodern condition, cultures seem to be rather fragmented; and in addition, this fragmented culture allows individuals to select their own identities. He explains with contemporary examples of Blair, Clinton and others, attempting to put freedom and security on an even platform, by rebuilding th e idea of the community within a postmodern world. In short he argues that, "we as individuals should be both with the Other and for the Other. It is the poor whom are cast as the Other in communitarianism discourse. The difference between being - with and being - for the Other is about the level of commitment that we have for the Other, about having an emotional engagement with the Other" (Best, 2002). In contrast, the world seems to be a society that has lost its moral bearings in an unprecedented way, in the perception of the moral philosophers like Alasdair MacIntyre. (Oakes, 1996) MacIntyre points to the teleological alternative as the only remaining solution to this moral degradation, and combines the concepts of liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, Marxism, and utilitarianism as proof for his science-fiction metaphor. Teleology according to MacIntyre, is the study of final causes, goals, purposes, and aims: similar to and filled with Aristotle's concepts. Consequently, the t erm 'Teleological' is crucial to MacIntyre's solution, the loss of which is the cause of the catastrophe described in his science-fiction parable. The concept of Emotivism is introduced here as a "doctrine that all evaluative judgments and more specifically all moral judgments are nothing but expressions of preference, expressions of attitude or feeling, insofar as they are moral or evaluative in character" (MacIntyre, 1984, pp.10-11). Relationship between the 'identity' in a heroic society has been explained as that which 'involves particularity and accountability'. I am answerable for ding or failing to do what anyone who occupies my role owes to others and this accountability terminates only

Use of ICTs in Healthcare Delivery Systems

Use of ICTs in Healthcare Delivery Systems Literature identifies the growing innovation and use of ICT devices within the healthcare delivery system. However, there is a lack of exploratory qualitative research to investigate into the perspectives and experiences of patients that use ICT devices/tools for home care. Therefore, this research project suggests the qualitative method to investigate into this phenomena. Keywords: ICT, healthcare, technology, innovation NO CPT The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has benefited both developed and developing countries; especially in terms of the wide use of ICTs within the healthcare system. This is known as e-health system and with the rapid growth of e-health systems healthcare professionals (HCPs) are able to diagnose and treat patients, immediately (Qureshi, Kundi, Qureshi, Akhtar, Hussain, 2015). ICTs acts like an aid, which enables the hospitals, physicians, and nurses to work together either from home or the office visits and facilitates the transfer of patient data within the hospital (Salerno, 2015). Furthermore, the advancements in ICTs has resulted into a better and developed healthcare system, especially, in rural areas. The implementation of telemedicine has improved the health conditions of rural patients. Whereas the number of clinical services that provide awareness and help to rural poor patients is less. However, due to the presence of academic research centers, tel emedicine awareness and comprehension exists among the people of rural areas. These research centers also play an important role and provide tele-education, within the rural areas. On the other hand, the high rate of mobile phone usage, facilitates telemedicine, which eventually benefits the clinical practices (Mars, 2013). According to Qureshi et al (2015), the use of tele-health is rapidly increasing within the developing countries; such as mobile phones, computers, texting, video chat, and hotlines that provide immediate access to physicians. Thus, the use of ICTs has enabled an active and interactive role on behalf of patients and HCPs residing in different locations and working in different institutions and hospitals, respectively (Scholl Olaniran, 2015). This has resulted into the potential to save time and effort, reduce transportation costs and minimise drug stock-outs (Nilseng et al., 2014, p. 1). Moving on, the use of ICTs in healthcare delivery system requires a number of ICT skills and professional attitude because it influences the adoption and develops a positive attitude towards e-health by HCPs (Olok, Yagos, Ovuga, 2015). However, lack of ICT skills and motivation is considered as a barrier that hinder the effective use of e-health system by HCPs. Additionally, motivational barriers ex ists due to the association of high risk perceptions with social media (Dalton et al., 2014). Furthermore, the use of ICTs has resulted to increase the knowledge of HCPs and improves patient care on all the levels of healthcare system (Nilseng et al., 2014). Moreover, with the aid of ICT tools, HCPs can support patients suffering from chronic illnesses and can guide them to achieve healthcare while staying in their homes. This shows that, the roots of ICTs are strongly embedded within the healthcare system. And it benefits the patients through providence of increased accessibility to home care. Eventually, this results in gain of control over their chronic illnesses and promotes patients self-care. However, there is a need for qualitative studies to understand the use of ICTs at home from the perspectives of patients and their immediate or close relatives (Lindberg, Nilsson, Zotterman, Sà ¶derberg, Skà ¤r, 2013). Therefore, this research project proposes to investigate qualitatively upon the use of ICTs at home through the perspectives and experiences of patients. Whereas the findings of the study will be able to describe the patients accessibility to home care and promotion of self-care. Eventually, these findings will help the HCPs, businesses, ICT engineers, and patients to better understand the role of ICTs to provide support and gain control over chronic diseases, respectively. Relationship of the Topic to 699 Class Figure 1: Taken from AEHRC (2015) The above figure 1 represents the broader picture of the identified problem and the relevance of this project to the 699 class. The figure thoroughly describes the use of ICTs by the patients for home and self-care the HCPs mentor and keeps a track of the patients health. Through the use of ICTs and mobile applications. Eventually, this represents the use of ICTs in the form of an android application that enables the patients and the HCPs to keep a track of patients overall health that includes physical activities and on-time medications (Nilseng et al., 2014). Furthermore, the figure also represents patients data synchronisation, which are also one of the many benefits of ICTs (Salerno, 2015). Therefore, keeping these details in view, it can be seen that this project lies within the scope of 699 class. Definitions of Commonly Used Terms    Information and Communication Technologies- it is an umbrella term and it comprises of all means of electronic communication; such as computers, mobile phones, network, hardware and software, television, satellite systems, and long distance video chatting etc. (Rouse, 2014) Healthcare Delivery System- a system that comprises of all the medical help and support available and delivered to the patients Healthcare Professionals (HCPs)- represents as list of medical professionals; such as physicians, nurses, medical practitioners, midwives, and clinicians etc. Chronic Illnesses- diseases that last for long time or life time, for example, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, type II diabetes etc. Telemedicine- patients diagnosis or treatment through ICT Tele-education- represents the use of ICT to spread education and knowledge A large variety of ICT tools are used by HCPs and patient for home care because there is an increase accessibility of the ICT tools (Lindberg et al., 2013). According to Kà ¶nig et al (2015), the designing of ICT tools in healthcare delivery system requires the input from patients, caregivers, clinicians, ICT engineers, and businessmen. Whereas all these work together in the form of a team. However, among this list, most important are the patient needs that is given a lot of attention and with the screening of patient needs the rest of the team (caregivers, clinicians, ICT engineers, and businessmen) co-design ICT tools through generation of ideas. Moreover, the process involves a prototype development it and the test of its easability and usage on the patients. Furthermore, patients suffering from life threatening diseases use ICT tools to overcome the different challenges, for example, the use of ICT tools has proven to facilitate Alzheimer patients, through early identification. Besides, ICT tools are cost-effective and save time therefore they are popularly used by clinicians (Kà ¶nig et al., 2015). Therefore, this research proposal seeks to answer; what are different perceptions and needs of patients using ICT tools at home? And in order to answer this questions, this research will adopt a qualitative explanatory research design because there is a need for qualitative studies to investigate into this phenomenon (Lindberg et al., 2013). Eventually, the findings of this study will provide better insight of the different perceptions and needs of the patients. Thus, this study comes into the domain of applied research as this information will be useful for the caregivers, clinicians, ICT engineers, and businessmen to co-deign better ICT tools for healthcare delivery system. Conceptual Framework Given below is the conceptual framework that describes the inputs and deliverables of this study: The above conceptual framework s self-explanatory and represent the research question that is to be investigated through this research project. A literature review conducted by Gurses Xiao (2006), indicates the vast advancements within healthcare delivery system. They reviewed published literature from 1990 to 2005 about ICT tools, necessary information required for the design of ICT tools, effect of ICT tools, and the different measure through, which ICT tools can be evaluated. The researchers started collection of published literature through investigation from the communication within the healthcare delivery system. And then expanded their research to the communication through ICT tools between patients and HCPs. Moving on, the researchers also defines the patient-centric information tools that are used by HCPs to keep a record of the patient history; such as medication lists, nursing flow sheets, and bedside patient monitoring devices etc. Additionally, the analysis of the review involves a successful categorization of the different use of ICT tools and the researchers analysed these tools to further assess and evaluate the effect of tools on the care and satisfaction of patients. Furthermore, the use of ICT has gone beyond just then just the treatment and diagnosis and this has been identified in another review by Blaschke, Freddolino, Mullen (2009). The researchers investigated the literature for the role of assistive technologies (AT) and ICTs to improve the physical and mental health and delay the onset of different diseases. Whereas the investigation in this review started through the evidence collection of different technological tools that are used by older adults. Moreover, the review also investigated to learn more about the effectiveness and utility of these ICT tools, within the healthcare delivery system. Additionally, the researcher extended the literature review scope and identified the importance of social work practice within the digital age and discussed the limitations and effectiveness of ICT tools. Furthermore, in another review the extended role and effectiveness of ICT was investigated within the field of nursing education. Now-a-days, m ore universities train and provide e-education to HCPs through the use of ICT tools. Eventually, this improves the overall role of ICT within the healthcare delivery system. The researchers conducted this literature review through analysis of the published articles between January 2001 and December 2012. These articles mainly focused upon the use of ICT within the healthcare education. The review was concluded with future directions that, the use of ICT tools are important for lifelong learning skills within the nursing students and other HCPs. And the healthcare delivery system should incorporate e-learning through the use of ICT tools (Button, Harrington, Belan, 2014). Moving on, in developing countries, ICT sustainability is a concern and requires a lot of attention. This has been identified in a literature review and the researchers attempted to develop a conceptual framework for a sustainable telemedicine information systems within Middle East countries. The literature review was conducted through identification of the need of telemedicine technologies within the developing countries; such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait and Syria. The review further identifies the different issues and barriers that does not support telemedicine information systems; such as lack of funding, IT trainings, doctors and patients resistance, less knowledge and education, and poor technological infrastructure. The reviews concluded with the importance and the need of telemedicine information systems to promote healthcare delivery systems. The review was able to identify the common barriers that hinder the growth of ICT in developing countries. Additionally, the resear chers also commented that, education and awareness are essential to promote the use of ICT in healthcare delivery systems (Jaber, Ghani, Herman, 2014). On the other hand, there a lot of risks, challenges, and potential harm associated with the use of telemedicine (telecare or telehealth) at home. This has been identified in literature review that was conducted from 6 different electronic databases. The literature review began with the initial focus on the patient safety issues that is associated with the potential risk of telemedicine home care. Moreover, the literature investigated into the different harm that telemedicine can cause to patients at home and was unable to identify any specific trainings that are provided to patient to identify patient safety issues. With the help of the systematic literature review, the researchers were able to identify the associated risk factors in the use of telemedicine at home and how these risk factors are highlighted within the patients telecare training. The paper concludes that, ICT tools should identify the different patient safety risks and reframe the different challenges that patients ca n suffer due to the implementation of ICT tools within the healthcare delivery system (Guise, Anderson, Wiig, 2014). According to Dalton et al (2014), HCPs also suffer from different challenges during the implementation of different ICT tools. For instance, in case of midwives the different barriers that exists are; material access, skills access, usage access and motivational access (p. 168). Similarly, in another systematic review, the researcher investigated the different factors that affect the adoption of e-health applications by HCPs. The review covered published articles from 4 databases published from the period of 2000 to 2014. The researchers began their investigation from the different perceptions of HCPs regarding the barriers and facilitators that occur during the use of ICT tools. The literature showed that, out of 4223 papers only 33 met identified the different barriers at individual, organizational, and contextual levels. Whereas the different factors that affect the use of ICT tools by HCPs are given as; perceived usefulness and ease of use, design and technical concerns, cost, ti me, privacy and security issues, familiarity with the technology, risk-benefit assessment, and interaction with others (colleagues, patients, and management) (Gagnon, Ngangue, Payne-Gagnon, Desmartis, 2015, p. 1). Focus of the Current Research Based on the above literature review, it can be analysed that less information and published peer-reviewed and scholarly articles available on this problem statement, due to the exploratory nature of the identified gap. Therefore, it is essential to expand the lens and focus of the search of the published articles throughout the different time periods to attain support from the literature. Moreover, it is important to search for different words that are used interchangeably for ICT tools; such as digital technologies, digital interventions, innovative technologies, and any name of device that helps patients with home care. Given below is literature review that has been attained through the increase of the scope of research to the use of ICT on different levels; such as different age groups and illnesses. A meta-analysis conducted by McLean et al (2016), on the use of digital technologies (ICT) by the asthma patients. The scope of the search was limited to patients aged 16 years or older. The use of different digital interventions and care with the use of comparator was observed. Whereas the outcomes indicated that the use of self-management digital technologies is cost-effective and improves asthma patients well-being and quality of life. Khosravi Ghapanchi (2016) also contributed and added that, the use of innovative technologies is cost-effective. However, less research is available to support the use and acceptance of innovative technologies in daily life by seniors. Therefore, in this review, the researchers collected information from different databases and investigated into the studies that looked into the assistive and innovative technologies in geriatric care (old age care). Moreover, the paper also enlists the different assistive technologies; such as general ICT, robotics, telemedicine, sensor technology, medication management applications, and video games (p. 17). Besides, the paper depicted that, a positive relationship exists between the use of assistive technologies and improved quality life in geriatric care. Moving on, ICT project not always attain success within the field of healthcare delivery systems. Therefore, it is important that businesses should implement a patient-centric modelling approach to better understand the challenges and changes within the healthcare delivery system. Keeping these issues in view, a review was conducted to check the implementation of circle of caring model (CCM) in three different case studies. And it revealed that with the help of CCM and application of patient-centric approach, ICT engineers and businesses are able to identify the gaps and improve the implementation of ICT. Furthermore, it is also suggested that, intervention of different approaches are also necessary along with the updated technology (Price, 2016). Eventually, this explains the necessity of the different components mentioned above in the conceptual framework. Furthermore, due to the increased life expectancy in western countries, there is an increased pressure on the community services, that is, caregivers. This has increased in the demand of technological advancements and innovations for home care older people in the form of personal emergency response system (PERS). The perceptions about the use of PERS was further investigated in a literature review and the review explored the different experiences of older people across different studies. The results showed that, the caring practices evolved across studies as the technology emerged and the older people played active roles. Besides, the literature also identified that telemedicine requires different abilities, resources, and attitudes for enhanced technological innovations. On the other hand, ICT also requires actors, networks, and contexts (Stokke, 2016). Regardless, of all the updated and innovative technologies, there is still a need for the society to get aware and educated about t he self-care patients can achieve from ICT devices. A review conducted upon the received e-health education indicated positive changes towards the attitudes of patients and resulted in decreased barriers, towards the use of ICT devices (Nwolise, Carey, Shawe, 2016). Another review conducted by Calvillo, Romà ¡n, Roa (2013), identified that the use of technology within healthcare delivery system has increased patient empowerment (PE). However, it is necessary that health literacy of patients, remote access to health services, and self-care mechanisms (p. 643) should be given more value because without these it is difficult to accomplish PE. Regardless of the updated technology, there is still a need to change the attitudes of patients, professionals, policy makers etc. (Calvillo, Romà ¡n, Roa, 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that the identified problem or research question is not investigated throughout the different time periods. It is depicted from the literature that, patients perceptions and experiences are assumed to be good due to the innovative technologies. However, no evidence exists in the literature. On the other hand, patient self-care management has been given a lot of importance for the effective implementation and use of ICT devices. Whereas patient self-care is also an integral part to accomplish patient empowerment. Other than this, stakeholders; such as businesses, HCPs, and ICT engineers needs to know the different perceptions and experiences of patient with the home self-care ICT devices. Thus, this need will be investigated through the future proposed exploratory research. A research paradigm or philosophy is a guideline that helps a researcher throughout the investigation because it is a framework that consists of assumptions and knowledge of nature. The two of paradigms that are mostly used by researchers are interpretivism and positivism (Collis Hussey, 2009). Therefore, in this research the primary focus is on interpretivism. Interpretivism- In the philosophy of interpretivism, a researcher plays an important role and acts like an investigator and a social actor. The researcher investigates a real situation and interprets it with the help of analysis of peoples thoughts and existing literature. Interpretivism involves investigation on behalf of researcher and is usually related to qualitative research (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2009). Moreover, this philosophy utilizes small sample sizes and results in the development of theories, texts, models, and useable information (data). Whereas the research findings are used to shape theories (Collis Hussey, 2009). According to Easterby-Smith, Thorpe, Lowe (2002), reality is non-subjective, therefore, after collection of data, different meanings can be interpreted. Furthermore, data collection is easier through the help of interpretivism approach and no additional focus is on writing style. Additionally, the findings of this approach is safe from researchers a nd participants/respondents biasness (Lee Lings 2008). Therefore, keeping these facts in view, it is better to implement this paradigm to investigate fully into the research question. Research Approach Research refers to the systematic investigation and collection of information, which is further interpreted through different methods (Saunders et al., 2009). Whereas research approach explains the different means through, which information is collected and further analysed. Moreover, research approach is based on different philosophical and theoretical assumptions (Collis Hussey 2013). According to Saunders et al (2009), inductive (qualitative) and deductive (quantitative) approaches are the two broad research approaches that are adopted by a researcher. However, a researcher can either pick of these two or can implement both together in the form of mix methodology. Besides, the requirements of the research decides the kind of approach that has to be adopted. Inductive approach Inductive approach is defined as, a theory building process, starting with observations of specific instances, and seeking to establish generalisations about the phenomenon under investigation (Hyde, 2000, p. 83). Furthermore, a research can investigate an identified gap and get to a conclusion with the help of inductive approach. And this further helps the researcher to collect the responses of respondents and generate theories (Collins Hussey 2009). Besides, the sequence of investigation in inductive approach follows a pattern of information from general observation to development of information patterns and these patterns are further refined into tentative information, which are later derived into theories. Because inductive reasoning is open-ended and exploratory (Trochim 2005). Therefore, based on this information, this research project will follow an inductive approach and will be qualitative in nature. Whereas no hypothesis will be tested, instead, the resu lts and conclusion of the study will result into a new hypothesis (theory generation), which is a characteristic of qualitative study. Data Collection Method This research project will follow semi-structured interview to investigate into the research question. With the help of semi-structured interviews patients perceptions, behaviours, and understandings of the ICT tools can be easily investigated. According to Matthews Ross (2010) the qualities of semi-structured interview will allow the researcher to follow a set of common questions and ask new questions during the interview. Moreover, the quality of semi-structured interview will also enable the patients to answer the questions upon their individual comprehension. Additionally, with semi-structured interviews the researcher can also observe and investigate into the attitudes, expressions, and body language of the patients. Furthermore, this study will conduct one-to-one interviews because Zikmund (2013) stated that, it will make the interviewee (patients) feel comfortable and they will be able to answer questions with honesty. Additionally, under the interpretive paradigm, interviews are concerned with exploring data on understandings, opinions, what people remember doing, attitudes, feelings and the like, that people have in common and will be unstructured (Collins Hussey 2009, p. 144). Therefore, this research study lies under the umbrella of descriptive exploratory research and it will follow an interpretivist approach to analyse the semi-structured interviews. Target Population This research study will select patients of any age group that use ICT tools provided by HCPs at the hospitals for home care and this will be done with the help of non-probability purposive technique because this sampling technique is suggested with the conduction of semi-structured interviews by Matthews Ross (2010). Furthermore, based upon the convenience of the researcher, the research will also follow non-probability convenience sampling and data will be collected from patients of Bryn Mawr Hospital and Chester County Hospital, Pennsylvania. Additionally, the patients using the ICT tools at home will be selected purposively either at the hospitals or at their home. According to Matthews Ross, the number of interview participants is dependent upon the saturation of data, that is, a researcher needs to conduct interviews until the data repeats. Therefore, the sample size of this research project will follow the rule of data saturation. Designing of Interview Questions- In this study, the interview questions were designed with the help of identified gaps from the literature review and from the developed conceptual framework. The procedure involved, identification of themes from literature review, which were further divided into dimensions and then into sub-dimensions (Collins Hussey 2009). Lastly, from these sub-dimensions, interview questions are developed. Whereas the researcher also developed new questions during interview process because of the quality of semi-structure interviews (Collins Hussey 2009). Data Analysis Method In qualitative research, the research plays an important role and acts like a primary tool for data analysis of raw social data. Moreover, the researcher stays involved in the whole process of data interpretation. Whereas with the help of memos and personal comprehension the researcher interprets the data and develop new themes. This process is known as Thematic Analysis (Matthews Ross, 2010). Thematic Analysis- It is defined as, a process of working with raw data to identify and interpret key ideas or themes, as a process of segmentation, categorization, and relinking of aspects of data prior to final interpretation (Matthews Ross 2010, p. 373). In this process, the researcher plays the primary role and looks for repetitive information, words, or meanings across different interviews. Eventually, this results in the interpretation and identification of social data and themes, which is further used to develop a thematic analysis map. Moreover, the identified themes are either represented in the tabular or in the graphical form (Matthews and Ross 2010). Therefore, this study will use the process of thematic analysis to interpret the social data. Validity According to Creswell (2013), there are two different method to increase the validity; such as the use of rich data and interviewee validation. With the use of these methods, researchers biasness and reactivity can be reduced. Moreover, systematic literature review investigation will increase the validity of the raw social data. And with the use of respondent validation, researchers biasness can be reduced. Eventually, with the implementation of these two will increase the validity and quality of this research paper. Given below is the propose work plan to implement the research project Chapter 1- Introduction 10 days Chapter 2- Literature Review 20 days Chapter 3- Methodology 20-25 days Chapter 4- Analysis and Evaluation 15-20 days Chapter 5- Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations 10-15 days References and Bibliography 5 days Revision, Correction, and Submission Depends upon the time available. However, should not take more than 7 days This research proposal identifies the need for exploratory qualitative study to investigate into the perspective and experiences of patients upon the use of ICT devices for home care. Whereas this objective will be achieved through semi-structured interviews with the patients selected through researchers non-probability purposive sampling and convenience sampling methods. Moreover, the findings of this study will provide support to HCPs, businesses, ICT engineers, and patients. References AEHRC. (2015). Smarter safer homes platform. Retrieved January 14, 2017, from The Australian E-Health Research Center, https://aehrc.com/research/projects/smarter-safer-homes-platform/ Blaschke, C. M., Freddolino, P. P., Mullen, E. E. (2009). Ageing and technology: A review of the research literature. The British Journal of Social Work, 39(4), 641-656. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcp025 Button, D., Harrington, A., Belan, I. (2014). E-learning information communication technology (ICT) in nursing education: A review of the literature. Nurse Education Today, 34(10), 1311-1323. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2013.05.002 Calvillo, J., Romà ¡n, I., Roa, L. M. (2013). How technology is empowering patients? A literature review. Health Expectations, 18(5), 643-652. doi:10.1111/hex.12089 Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2013). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave Macmillan. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dalton, J. A., Rodger, D. L., Wilmore, M., Skuse, A. J., Humphreys, S., Flabouris, M., Clifton, V. L. (2014). Whos a

Leadership in Sport Context Essay

Leadership is hard to specifically define, roles and attributes change to adapt to the environment and context needed. George and Jones define leadership as ‘ the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organization’ (2002,pg. 375). This definition can be broken down with two definitions; Firstly exerting influence over other members and second aiding in a group or organization achieve its goals. ‘Leadership is something everyone would like to claim as a personal attribute, but it is very difficult to get any consensus on quite what it means’. (Weightman, 2004, pg. 129) Many theories and models have been developed to discover different approaches to leadership aiming to identify different traits and characteristics thought needed to be a good leader. In this portfolio I am going to explore different leadership approaches and attributes within the context of sport. Through examples of current lead ers in sport I hope to identify similarities to theoretical evidence. Sport is a disciplined activity that demonstrates a lot of role models for leadership, not just athletes, a lot of jobs within the sport sector include leadership qualities. What makes a leader? The debate between is a leader born or made has opened up a lot of questions to what the attributes of a good leader are. Agreeing that a leader is influential and needs to inspire through organizing change makes us ponder weather traits of a leader are in their personalities or a skill you can acquire over time. Often leaders are associated with having certain personality traits that highlight them as an admirable person. Davis (1972) found the four general traits related to leadership success were: * Intelligence- leaders are found to have high intelligence than their followers * Social Maturity- self-assurance and self- respect and can handle a wide variety of social situations * Achievement drive- found to have a strong drive to get things done * Human- Relations attitudes- leaders know that they rely on other people to get things done, and therefore interested in their team members This traits model focuses on the personality that the leader has on contrast to the job that needs to be done. Agreeing that traits above would aid an individual to take control and lead others in order to influence, further research found the context in what your leading was equally as important. Building on Davis’s model it is important for a leader to be a people person that can withhold authority in a variety of situations, but also with the ability to display their views to a variety of people in intention to influence and inspire. Davis amongst others were previously unsuccessful in showing theoretical evidences that proved common personality traits or qualities. It was soon found more realistic analyses would be to consider the functions a leader demonstrate in order to fulfill his task specific to the context. Sport can be individual or team based but will still involve numerous people. A leadership model discovered in 1982 demonstrates the need of three leadership functions I found present in most sport leaders. These are: the task to be accomplished together, maintaining social cohesion of the group and individual needs of team members. This model shows the three independent functions and how they overlap to form a leadership style that focuses on achieving the outcome of the leader in this case success for a sports team or individual. If the task fails or performed badly, there is diminished satisfaction for the individual and the group tends to fall apart. If the group lacks unity, this will also affect performance. If the individual is discontented, then he or she will not give his or her best performance. This emphasizes the essential of unity of leadership, demonstrating a single action by a leader may influence all areas, and is specific to a sport context. Example Sven- Goran Eriksson- team manager of various football teams (including England) (www.guardian.co.uk) Sven admirable leadership displays most of Davis personality traits alongside achieving success for himself and various teams. Sven’s cosmopolitan background gives him an advantage within a wide audience of players and is well known for his expertise within football. Despite not getting too attached to people, that enforces authority; he creates empathy and trust within all he leads. A strong attribute is his diplomatic approach, he is seen to support and value the work of others. Demonstrating his ability in leading various teams to success he relates to Adair’s model. Maintaining a good cohesion between the team is very important within football but he doesn’t neglect the individual players needs. He implements their opinion into making good decisions for the team as a whole to lead them to success. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is best describes a leader who effects followers who are intended to trust, admire and respect. They are known for following and seeing through a personal vision whilst gaining trust of supporters. James Macgregor Burns introduced a concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership in 1978. He defines ‘leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. Through the strength of their vision and personality, transformational leaders are able to inspire followers to change expectations, perceptions and motivations to work towards common goals’ (pg. 203, 2012). A sporting example of a transformation leader is Paula Radcliffe. Paula relates heavily to a later theory developed by Bernard M. Bass. Bass’s Transformational Leadership Theory He suggested leadership is defined as the impact it has on followers Burns identified 3 ways in which leaders transform their followers * Increasing their awareness of task importance and value * Getting them to focus first on team of organizational goals, rather than their own interests * Activating there higher-order needs Agreeing that people will follow a person who inspires them. Such individual needs to have a vision and passion and quest to achieve great things. ‘She puts all her energy and time in quest to be the best distance runner in the world’ (www.bbcsport.com) (www.sportsjournalists.co.uk) Yet to win an Olympic medal, all due to injury, she has brought the women’s marathon running to a new level and pushed the limits where no other women have gone. Paula supported many charities, alongside the progression of keen runners during her career. In 2004 she inspired many when joining Jonathan Edwards on an Olympic Special Millionaire, raising  £64,000 for charity. Excluding her physical achievements but she has been recognized for her personality and good sportsmanship through a number of awards. (Taken from my presentation) Ethical Leadership â€Å"Rowe (1997) points out, ethics can be taught in two very different ways. It can be taught using the models of absolute values, or as theologians and philosophers call them ‘ first principles’- That is, the absolute right and wrong ways of doing things. But it can also be taught in terms of how we all have our own way of seeing things. According to this view, values are relative to individuals and the situations in which they find themselves- the right way depends on the context†. Ethics pays an important part in sport for it is the discipline in rules and regulations that gives the entitlement to win and loose competition. Current competition requires a lot of testing prior, during and post competition in order to detect various methods of cheating. Many sports could be seen as unethical due to bad press of officiators, rules and regulations. The importance of ethics in sports defines giving everyone an equal opportunity showing no favouritism or discrimination. Paula highly demonstrates the traits of an ethical leader. Her career has consisted of fighting defend the fair-ness and reputation of the sport. ‘Most athletes were clean and we’re increasing becoming un-happy at the way the sport was being portrayed’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) Proving her ethical leadership qualities I have related Paula to the below model. This model states seven habits that a discovered commonly in ethical leaders. Seven Habits of Strong Ethical Leaders- Stephen R. Covey 1. Strong Personal Character 2. Passion to do right 3. Proactive Behavior 4. Stakeholder interest in mind 5. Recognition of their values as role models 6. Awareness that their decision making should be transparent 7. Holistic view of human beings and firm’s ethical culture Paula’s willingness to stand up for her rights and correct the sport permanently for others, was demonstrated by launched her campaign against ‘drugs in sport’ Despite the amount of drug tests required, it was discovered that the system was not capable of detecting the most effect and abused doping product using in running. She quotes ‘fear is no reason not to do what is right’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) In 2001 at Edmonton she held up a sign saying ‘EPO cheats out’. This was particularly aimed at a competitor that had been tested and found guilty of the blood doping, yet the result was over turned because the French testing authorities did not adhere to IAAF protocol. (www.paularadcliffe.com/gallery/images/08.jpg) Does Gender Effect Leadership? Sport is frequently seen as a masculine dominated sector. â€Å"Sport has been demonstrated to help some women achieve empowerment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Theberge and Birrell, 1994, pg. 147) In all previous leadership theories mentioned none are specific to gender. With this is mind; still women in leadership are found to be in the minority. Fred Fielder recognises the effectiveness of a task should be considered in defining leadership. His Contingency theory of leadership, developed in 1961, focuses on 1) Why in a particular situations, some leaders will be more effective than other leaders even though they have equally good credentials. 2) Why a particular leader may be more effective in one situation and not another â€Å"Although women’s participation has risen, women’s involvement in sport as providers has dropped†. (Sports Council, 1992) The recent rise in women participating sport has lead to success in gaining responsibility in areas of sport such as leadership and coaching. The theory above I find is relevant for it can be used against women who are seen as good leaders just would be put out of context when it comes to sport. An example within sport is an American, Shannon Eastin Shannon Eastin made history by being the first female official in a male dominated sport, relating to fielders theory she was seen out of context for the job and is now recognised for her confidence of breaking the stereotype. Shannon became Inspirational for Women who feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports. (www.chargers.com) David Cotter et al defined four distinctive characteristics in his Glass Ceiling Approach (1988) 1. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is not explained by other job-relevant characteristics of the employee.† 2. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is greater at higher levels of an outcome than at lower levels of an outcome. 3. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality in the chances of advancement into higher levels, not merely the proportions of each gender or race currently at those higher levels.† 4. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality that increases over the course of a career.† This approach is commonly used when individuals or groups are stereotyped and therefore seen as unusual or abstract to be breaking these barriers. When successful of breaking the prejudice against them it is seen as breaking through the barrier to the glass celling. Previous women leaders in sport are seen to be very inspirational, they are made to feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports and therefore demonstrate the glass barrier celling approach when they do a lot making history for women in that context. Even though they might break down these barriers they still not be highly respected and followed by all and will be not seen as equal by all. In todays society there are many powerful female role models. An example in sport is Jessica Ennis. Through the 2012 Olympic she demonstrated her talents and perseverance in sport that achieved amazing results. (www.mirror.co.uk) Conclusion In developing my research from the tutorials I have found leaders are adaptable not only to context, but to individuals. People will find different qualities within the same person that they consider being a trait of a leader. â€Å"Even researches often disagree about which characteristics best describe leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (George et Jones, 2005,pg. 275). Theories and Models help display similar characteristics within leaders but shouldn’t be used to define what a leader should be. Transformation and Ethical leaders are very common within sport for they are found to be influential to their public and demonstrate good morals within sport. All the leaders used in this portfolio are respected, followed and successful in completing their task in hand whilst being influential.